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Holding Paw

Thinking about spaying or neutering your dog? 
Better Think Twice!

Research actually contradicts the once widely accepted theory: " it will help them live longer healthier and happier lives."

Golden Retrievers are THE most studied dog breed on the planet. New research is being published every year and in the following sections we will be taking a deeper dive into the very real consequences of once commonly practiced procedures. From cancer rates to vast behavioral issues, spaying and neutering golden retrievers specifically IS NOT the responsible or healthiest option anymore!

~Although we don't recommend spay and neuter and prefer the alternatives of OSS/ Vasectomy etc... we believe that our puppy families should be able to make decisions that best fit their life-style and situation and therefore do not require our puppies to be kept intact ~

Below we explore this issue in depth, linked below is a website that offers a closer look at the issues surrounding spay/neuter

Getting to the Bottom of Things

Spay and Neuter has become common practice in The United States and it often pushed by veterinarians who are unaware of the new studies and research that expose the damage that traditional spay and neuter can do!  Veterinary institutions across the world are waking up the damage that traditional spay and neuter practices can inflict! 

In the following sections we will dig deeper into this very controversial issue, exploring just how the spay and neuter agenda came about in the United States, the incorrect beliefs and stigmas attached to the procedures, the real and much deeper systemic effects the procedure has on dogs, and the healthier proven alternatives to this common place procedure.


We have carefully researched this topic and have provided references to ten different peer reviewed scientific studies that point to a much larger and deeper problem behind the common spay and neuter. These studies are referenced at the end and numbered, when a study is referenced in the following sections, it's corresponding number will be listed.

We strongly encourage owners to do their own research and make decisions that are best for themselves, their situations, and their families, but believe it is our responsibility to equip our puppy families with knowledge so they can make informed decisions!


We have spayed and neutered dogs in the past and now have to live with the consequences of our un-informed decisions, we wouldn't wish this on our puppy families. 

How and Why it all Began

What started as a means to control population (surprise: it never worked)  spiraled into common practice that still lingers today.

The phrase “spay-neuter” was not heard of before the 1970s and the surgery itself was rarely performed in The United States before the 1930s. And it today, it remains common practice in ONLY the United States. Many European countries keep the majority of their dogs intact, and in some countries like Sweeden, spay and neuter without a health related reason, is ILLEGAL.  We have organizations like the ASPCA to thank, although they were originally against widespread de-sexing, by the mid-70s they had become a leading proponent of the practice. In 1973, ASPCA started requiring spay-neuter before adoption. 

Population control is usually the excuse, and of course you've probably heard, "spay and neutered dogs live a longer, healthier life,” and that your dog will be “better behaved” if they are de-sexed.

Unfortunately, recent research proves ALL of these claims to be false! 

Spay and Neuter practice hasn't even managed to achieve the original goal of population control. 

"At first glance, insofar as spay-neuter practices have been aimed at overpopulation, they appear to have been an indisputable success. The number of animals arriving at shelters has reduced appreciably since the 1970s; the number of euthanasias has plummeted, to two to four million euthanized cats and dogs annually now from estimates of more than 20 million back then. This triumph, though, is asterisked. Specific numbers are very hard to come by, given the vagaries of reporting. A 2018 report by Andrew Rowan, then chief scientific officer of the Humane Society, and Tamara Kartal, of Humane Society International, suggests that the 1970s figure was much less, closer to 13.5 million — and cites many other societal changes as significant in lowering euthanization rates. Critically, there are now much higher rates of adoptions, better “containment” (fewer pet dogs just let loose to run around), and better identification methods, which allow for reunion of lost dogs with their owners.

Stephen Zawistowski, a former science adviser for the A.S.P.C.A., who has looked at the intake rates in the A.S.P.C.A. in New York City since it was founded in the 19th century, told me that “the largest decrease in dogs and cats coming into the city happened in the ’40s, ’50s and ’60s” — before spay-neuter became common and well before it became law. In some areas, studies have found that the opening of a subsidized spay-neuter clinic had no effect on local rates of euthanasia." (11)

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risk of spay neuter graph.jpeg

The Effects of Spay and Neuter of your dog's HEALTH:

Spay and Neuter comes with many associated risks and only a few decreased risks that many pet owners are un-aware of and not informed of when discussing the operation. (1,2,3,8,10)

Spay and Neuter decreases the risk of:

  • Testicular Cancer in Males

  • Mammary Cancer in Females

  • Pyometra in Females

  • Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Males

Spay and Neuter increases the risk of:

  • Mast Cell Tumors 

  • Cardiac Cancerous Tumors

  • Cancerous tumors of the spleen

  • Prostate Cancer in males

  • Bone Cancer (osteosarcoma)

  • Bladder Cancer

  • Lymphoma (cancer)

  • Hip and Elbow Dysplasia 

  • Cruciate Ligament Tear or injury

  • Soft Tissue Injuries 

  • Bladder Infections

  • Spay incontinence for females

  • Immature Vulva development in females

  • Allergies

  • Hypothyroidism

  • Diabetes

  • Obesity

  • Permanent and unmanageable coat changes (spay coat)

  • Auto-immune hemolytic anemia 

  • Canine Myasthenia Gravis

  • Addison's Disease

  • Immune-mediated Polyarthritis

  • Immune-mediated Thrombocytopenia 

  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • Lupus

  • Reactions to vaccines 

The Effects of Spay and Neuter on your Dog's BEHAVIOR

There are various behaviors that spay and neuter will decrease the risk of and several behaviors that are worsened by spay and neuter procedures.

Spay and Neuter will decrease the following behaviors in your dog:

  • Possible false pregnancies in females

  • Attraction to females in season for males

  • Fighting over females in season for males

  • Intact male to intact male aggression

  • Leg lifting in the house for males

Spay and Neuter will worsen these behaviors in your dog:

  • Owner directed aggression

  • Stranger directed aggression

  • Fear biting

  • "Stranger Danger"

  • Dog aggression

  • Inappropriate Sexual Behaviors

  • Rapid Dementia 

  • Noise phobias or sensitivities

  • Timid Behavior 

  • Excitability 

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What Actually Happens After a Spay/Neuter

When dogs are "fixed," their sex organs and entire reproductive system is removed- these organs are a vital part of a much larger system of the body- the Endocrine System.

The endocrine system is similar to the human endocrine system in that it is made up of several organs and glands throughout the body. These glands are responsible for producing hormones which act to regulate body functions. From hunger to reproduction, these hormones influence nearly every single cell, organ, and metabolic function within the body. 

When the sex organs are removed from the endocrine system, the body must adapt and the hormones once produced by the sex organs not only dramatically decrease but now must be produced by the adrenal gland- which puts the gland into a state of stress from the extra burden. (1,2,3,6,8,9,10)

Removal of the sex organs disrupts the production of sex hormones, which, by definition, makes spay/neuter an endocrine disruptor.
“…levels of any hormone must be within a physiologically relevant range to be most effective. Excursions outside of that range to elevated or  depressed levels for any extended period nearly always result in dysfunction or disease.” (7)

"Studies have shown the endocrine disruption caused by spay or neuter often leads to a weakened immune system, altered metabolism, chronic disorders/disease, and behavior problems." (12) Sex hormones are responsible for much more than reproduction in dogs, they affect growth and development, behavior, and when removed, leave dogs susceptible to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes and other metabolic/ endocrine-related disease. In addition, a lack of sex hormones can actually cause changes in the brain, the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex can undergo stress-induced remodeling which alters behavioral and physiological responses- this can lead to behavioral issues in a dogs such as fears, sensitivities and anxiety. (3, 4, 12). 

Image by Mitchell Hollander

What we at Mountain Reign believe and want out puppy owners to understand

We will always support the decisions our puppy owners make, even if it is not a decision we ourselves would make! We are firm believers in " one size does not fit all" when it comes to EVERY ASPECT of owning dogs! We want our puppy owners to be able to make informed choices that will best fit their lifestyles and their own individual dogs! We will always advocate for keeping dogs intact as long as possible or preforming alternative surgeries instead of spay and neuters but we realize that everyone has different needs and not everyone is able to care for intact dogs, that is why we will always support our puppy families in whatever decision they decide to make regarding spay and neuter! We have both intact and altered dogs and we love them the same! We want our puppy families to feel supported no matter what.

When you buy a puppy from us, we include a small book, Should I spay or Neuter My Dog, Understanding the Secret Life of Sex Hormones, by Jane Messineo Lindquist, on the impacts of spay and neuter that takes a deeper dive into the issue as a whole, that book it also available for purchase by following the linked button below.

Ovarian Sparing Spays for Females

A safer, healthier alternative that completely eliminates the risk of pyometra, which is around 30-40% in Golden Retriever females who are left intact

Ovarian Sparing Spay is like the equivalent to a hysterectomy in human females, just the uterus is removed and the ovaries, which control the hormones, are left intact. A traditional spay removes both the uterus and the ovaries. 

In intact Golden retrievers, pyometra, an infection of the uterus that can be deadly if not caught, and requires the uterus to be removed, is the most concerning health associated risk of keeping a female intact. 

Pyometra requires a few heat cycles in order for the conditions to be favorable for this infection, so females who are older in age or middle aged are at a higher risk than younger females. Ovarian sparing spays will completely eliminate the risk of pyometra while leaving the ovaries intact to regulate hormones. The female will still have "cycles" where eggs are formed and "dropped" once to twice a year but will not be able to become pregnant and will not bleed during her cycle. 

Image by Ayla Verschueren

I DONT want an intact dog and want to alter them, what is the best age to do this?

It states in our contract that puppy owners must wait until 24 months to alter their dog, but based on the latest scientific evidence for Golden Retrievers specifically

  1. Females: NEVER- they should be kept intact throughout their entire life OR spayed with the Ovarian Sparing Method ( a hysterectomy that leaves the ovaries intact) rather than a traditional spay!

  2. Males: After 18-24 months to avoid increase risks of health issues or around 3-4 years to avoid increased risks of behavior issues!

When spay and neuter practices first began, and even up until 2013, the lifelong harmful and damaging affects of the common procedure, which was believed to benefit our pets, was unknown. Since 2013 there have been over 200 studies on the topic of de-sexing dogs alone, many of these include the Golden Retriever, a breed known to be susceptible to cancer and other health issues. 

But with new studies and research comes new understanding, education, and knowledge, and for the first time in decades, we must adapt and re-think our original beliefs for the sake of our dogs. 

We know better now and we have the ability to make a difference in the lives of our four legged family members. 

Kofi Annan-

Knowledge is Power. Information is Liberating. Education is the premise of Progress.

References

1. Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055937

2. Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers

 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388/full

3. Non-Reproductive Effects of Spaying and Neutering on Behavior in dogs

https://www.naiaonline.org/uploads/WhitePapers/EarlySNAndBehaviorDuffySerpell.pdf

4. Long-Term Health Risks and Benefits Associated with Spay / Neuter in Dogs

https://www.naiaonline.org/pdfs/LongTermHealthEffectsOfSpayNeuterInDogs.pdf

5. Comparative Oncology Program

https://ccr.cancer.gov/comparative-oncology-program

6.Reproductive Capability Is Associated with Lifespan and Cause of Death in Companion Dogs

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061082

7.Vasectomy and ovary-sparing spay in dogs: comparison of health and behavior outcomes with gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs

https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/261/3/javma.22.08.0382.xml

8. Inconvenient Desires: Should We Routinely Neuter Companion Animals?

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175303712X13353430377255

9. Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11439769/

10.Golden Retriever Lifetime Study 

 https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/golden-retriever-lifetime-study

11. Opinion Article: Dogs Are Not Here for Our Convenience

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/opinion/dogs-spaying-neutering.html

12. Happy and Healthy Dog: website dedicated to the adverse risks of spay and neuter.

https://healthyandhappydog.com/the-stress-response-system/

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